پژوهش های کاربردی مهندسی آب

پژوهش های کاربردی مهندسی آب

مدیریت پایدار آب آبیاری در محصولات باغی مناطق خشک و نیمه‌خشک: رویکردها و چالش‌ها

نوع مقاله : مروری

نویسندگان
1 کارشناس ارشد، گروه علوم و مهندسی باغبانی، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه بیرجند، ایران.
2 گروه مهندسی آبیاری و آبادانی، دانشکدگان کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی، دانشگاه تهران، کرج، ایران.
3 کارشناس ارشد، گروه علوم و مهندسی باغبانی، دانشکده تولید گیاهی، دانشگاه علوم کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی گرگان، ایران.
چکیده
کمبود منابع آب در مناطق خشک و نیمه‌خشک، یکی از چالش‌های بنیادی و مداوم در مسیر پایداری تولیدات باغی محسوب می‌شود. در سال‌های اخیر، تغییرات اقلیمی، افزایش دمای هوا، و کاهش بارندگی موجب شده‌اند که فشار بر منابع آب زیرزمینی و سطحی بیش از پیش افزایش یابد. این شرایط، ضرورت مدیریت هوشمند و کارآمد آب در بخش باغبانی را دوچندان کرده است. مطالعه حاضر با هدف ارائه‌ی راهکارهای عملی برای مدیریت پایدار آب در باغ‌های مناطق خشک ایران انجام شده و تمرکز اصلی آن بر سه روش نوین آبیاری شامل کم‌آبیاری تنظیم‌شده (RDI)، خشک‌کردن جزئی ریشه (PRD) و آبیاری قطره‌ای زیرسطحی (SDI) است. این روش‌ها با مدیریت دقیق میزان و زمان آبیاری، امکان کاهش ۳۰ تا ۵۰ درصدی مصرف آب را بدون افت قابل توجه عملکرد فراهم می‌سازند و حتی در برخی موارد کیفیت محصول را بهبود می‌بخشند. در روش RDI، بخشی از دوره رشد گیاه به‌طور هدفمند با کمبود نسبی آب مواجه می‌شود تا کارایی مصرف آب افزایش یابد. در روش PRD، تنها بخشی از ریشه‌ها آبیاری می‌شوند و بخش دیگر خشک نگه داشته می‌شود تا گیاه با واکنش‌های فیزیولوژیک خاص، مصرف آب خود را کاهش دهد. روش SDI نیز با رساندن آب به ناحیه ریشه در زیر سطح خاک، تبخیر سطحی را به حداقل می‌رساند. اجرای موفق این روش‌ها نیازمند پایش مداوم رطوبت خاک با ابزارهایی نظیر تانسیمتر و حسگرهای رطوبتی، استفاده از داده‌های اقلیمی دقیق، و آموزش عملی باغداران است. نتایج بررسی‌ها نشان می‌دهد که تلفیق این سه روش آبیاری با سیاست‌های حمایتی، از جمله ارائه تسهیلات مالی، آموزش‌های میدانی، و ترویج دیجیتال، می‌تواند موجب افزایش بهره‌وری آب، کاهش فشار بر منابع زیرزمینی و افزایش تاب‌آوری تولیدات باغی در برابر خشکسالی شود. در نهایت، توصیه می‌شود مدیران و سیاست‌گذاران بخش کشاورزی با تمرکز بر توسعه سامانه‌های آبیاری هوشمند، نوسازی شبکه‌های فرسوده، و مشارکت فعال کشاورزان در تصمیم‌گیری‌های محلی، مسیر گذار به باغبانی پایدار در مناطق خشک کشور را تسهیل نمایند.
کلیدواژه‌ها
موضوعات

عنوان مقاله English

Sustainable Irrigation Water Management in Horticultural Crops of Arid and Semi-Arid Regions: Approaches and Challenges

نویسندگان English

Mani Jabari 1
Iman Hajirad 2
Mitra Jabbari 3
1 Department of Horticultural Science and Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, Birjand University, Iran.
2 Department of Irrigation and Reclamation Engineering, College of Agriculture and Natural.
3 Department of Horticultural Science and Engineering, Faculty of Plant Production, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources.
چکیده English

Water scarcity in arid and semi-arid regions is one of the fundamental and persistent challenges to the sustainability of horticultural production. In recent years, climate change, rising temperatures, and declining rainfall have intensified the pressure on both surface and groundwater resources. These conditions have made the need for intelligent and efficient water management in horticulture more critical than ever. The present study aims to propose practical strategies for sustainable water management in orchards located in Iran’s dry regions, focusing on three innovative irrigation techniques: Regulated Deficit Irrigation (RDI), Partial Root-zone Drying (PRD), and Subsurface Drip Irrigation (SDI). These methods, through precise control of irrigation timing and volume, can reduce water consumption by 30–50% without significant yield loss and, in some cases, even enhance product quality. In the RDI method, specific growth stages of the plant are deliberately subjected to limited water stress to increase water use efficiency. The PRD method involves irrigating only part of the root zone while keeping the other part dry, stimulating physiological responses that reduce water consumption. The SDI system delivers water directly to the root zone below the soil surface, minimizing surface evaporation. Successful implementation of these approaches requires continuous soil moisture monitoring using tools such as tensiometers and moisture sensors, the use of accurate climatic data for irrigation scheduling, and hands-on training for orchardists. Findings indicate that integrating these irrigation techniques with supportive policies such as financial incentives, field-based education, and digital extension services can significantly improve water productivity, reduce pressure on groundwater resources, and enhance the resilience of horticultural production against drought. Ultimately, it is recommended that agricultural managers and policymakers focus on developing smart irrigation systems, modernizing outdated irrigation networks, and promoting farmer participation in local decision-making to facilitate the transition toward sustainable horticulture in the country’s dry regions.

کلیدواژه‌ها English

Arid Regions
Deficit Irrigation
Implementation Policies
Reclaimed Water
Water Productivity
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دوره 1، شماره 2
دی 1404
صفحه 319-340

  • تاریخ دریافت 16 دی 1404
  • تاریخ بازنگری 01 بهمن 1404
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